Civil+Rights+Movements

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 * CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT**

**__ African Americans: __** **Key events leading up to the Civil Rights Movement:** 13th amendment: (December 1865) declared that slavery would be abolished. The amendment was ratified after the end of the Civil War. -Black Codes: Southerners weren’t willing to accept the 13th amendment so they imposed these. The intention of the “Black Codes” was to limit the rights of African Americans and continue the segregation of African Americans and whites. -Civil Rights Act of 1866: Passed with the purpose of invalidating the “Black Codes”. Was mostly ineffective. -14th amendment: Gave United States citizenship to African Americans with the purpose of protecting their rights. -15th amendment: Passed to prohibit disenfranchising anyone because of race, color or who had once provided any form of servitude. -Ku Klux Klan: Formed in Tennessee with the purpose of preventing African Americans from voting. They were trying to once again establish white supremacy. The Ku Klux Klan became a violent organized group that terrified African Americans by lynching or destroying their homes. -Civil Rights Act of 1871: To protect African Americans from the abuses of the Ku Klux Klan. -** PLESSY v. FERGUSON **: Supreme Court case in which segregation was made legal if public facilities were "separate but equal".

- **BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION** : (1954) Landmark Supreme Court case which stated that segregation was inherently unequal, and therefore should be illegal. It told states to desegregate with "all deliberate speed", which overruled Plessy v. Ferguson. It was argued by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP. Reactions to Brown v. Board:
 * During the Civil Rights Movement: 1950-1969 **
 * Changes were slow due to the vagueness of "all deliberate speed"
 * "Southern Manifesto": 101 Southern congress members issued a statement saying the decision from Brown v. Board was an abuse of power.
 * "Massive Resistance": White people resisting desegregation.
 * "White Flight": White people not sending their children to integrated schools. A part of massive resistance.
 * Arkansas, Virginia, Texas, and several other states attempted to close schools.
 * Integration was forced by the National Guard in some areas.

- **National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP):** Wanted to gain rights by legal means. Thought legislation and court cases would be the best way to gain rights. They also believed that education was the key to success. - **Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC):** Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goup. Advocated non-violent protests such as boycotts, sit-ins, and marches. King and his followers were influenced greatly by Mohandas Gandhi's work in India. The image below is a picture of King giving his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. To read this speech, click [|here].
 * -Groups involved in the Civil Rights Movement:**

- **Nation of Islam** : Lead by Malcolm X, this group advocated separation from white people, and motion away from white culture, such as Christianity. He and his followers became Muslims and changed their last names to X to symbolize the fact that none of them carried their African ancestors' last names, but those of white slaveowners. - **Black Power** : Movement which differed from the SCLC because it was not opposed to some use of violence. Lead by Stokely Carmicheal, its goals were create a feeling of racial pridde for African Americans and, like the Nation of Islam, separate from whites and their culture. -** Black Panthers **: Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the leaders of this group, wanted equality in housing, education, employment, and voting rights. This was the most militant of the groups, and members were taught self-defense.

-**Montgomery, AL Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks, an old African American women riding the city bus, refused to give her seat up to a white man. She was arrested, sparking the bus boycotts. African Americans walked everywhere, and the buses lost money. They were forced to desegregate their buses. -Freedom Riders: A group of African Americans and sympathetic whites took a bus around to several cities and sat in segregated restaurants until they were served. -March on Washington: Martin Luther King lead a march in D.C. The march ended at the Lincoln Memorial, where speeches were made, most famously King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
 * Major Protests:

-** Civil Rights Act of 1965 **: forbade discrimination in hiring based on race, ethnicity, or sex. - ** John F. Kennedy's ** contribution: The first draft of this bill was introduced during Kennedy's presidency. Kennedy was a huge proponant of Civil Rights and hired many African Americans to high positions in his administration. However, Kennedy was assassinated before he could push the bill through Congress. - **Lyndon B. Johnson's** contribution: Johnson pushed for a stricter, better version of the bill and was able to sign it in 1964.

**__Hispanic-Americans__** Causes of the movement: -Inadequate schools -Police harrassment -Denied decent jobs -provide a collective identity and solidarity for all Latin Americans
 * Labor Movement:**

nonviolent resistance to fight for social change. He as well, wanted to secure better wages for Mexican-American farm workers. ||
 * César Chávez || Chavez was a Mexican-American Labor leader and founder of the United Farm Worker (UFW). He used


 * Rodolfo Gonzalez || Gonzalez fought against police brutality and improving working opportunities for Mexican-Americans. ||
 * Reies Lopez Tijerina || Fought to restore the land lost by the Mexicans in 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. ||
 * __Student Organization__**

-Students joined forces, mostly in Los Angeles, Denver and San Antonio. -They rejected assimilation to American Society. -Students boycotted classes with the purpose of gaining bilingual education and the integration of Latino teachers in schools.

Arts from the Civil Rights Movement:

"Go Tell it on the Mountain" -Folk Rock such as "Blowin in the Wind" by Bob Dylan -Funk such as James Brown -Soul such as Marvin Gaye -Reggae such as Bob Marley -Motown -Jazz "We Shall Overcome" and "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing". "Lift Ev'ry Voice" is the African American anthem, and "We Shall Overcome" is largely recognized as being the anthem of the Civil Rights Movement. || -"To Kill a Mockingbird" -"Guess Who's coming to Dinner" -"Shaft" || -"East Side/West Side" -"Mod Squad" ||  ||
 * Music || Film || Television || Visual Arts ||
 * -Spirituals such as "This Little Light of Mine" and
 * The two major songs of the movement were

__SOURCES__

The Enduring Vision Textbook [] []

Pictures: [] []