Civil+War+&+Reconstruction

** The Civil War: 1850-1865 **

= =

=__Causes leading to the Civil War:__=


 * ** Event ** || ** Date ** || **Description** ||
 * **Kansas-Nebraska Act** || 1854 || This act was issued so that way the states could vote on whether or not they would allow slavery in the states. This prompted arguments because this conflicted with federal and state powers. ||
 * **Election of 1848** || 1848 || This election was between three candidates: Zachary Taylor, Lewis Cass, and Martin Van Buren. With Zachary Taylor winning, it divided up the country further because many people felt he only won for his military successes rather than his ability to lead. ||
 * **Missouri Compromise** || 1820 || This compromise stated that the newly formed state of Missouri would be a slave state if the state of Maine would be a free-state. This was only a temporary fix because soon, more states would be admitted to the union making the number of states different causing sway in congress to lean to one side rather than the other. ||
 * **Free-Soil Movement** || 1848-1854 || This movement was caused by the Free-Soil party which was very short lived. They opposed slavery in new territories and they also believed that it was a moral issue, one which shouldn’t be influenced by slavery. ||
 * **Uncle Tom’s Cabin** || 1852 || This book was a very influential piece of literature that helped cause the civil war. This book was about the hardships of slavery and it helped people realize the extremes of it. This caused many northerners to hate slavery and realize how bad it was, which drew them together. ||
 * **Growth of Political Parties** || 1830-1860 || This growth of new political parties allowed many strong parties to dissinigrate fast because of their old and conservative ideology. This growth led to the growth of new political figures and issues which caused some tension between the states. ||
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 8.8pt;">**Bleeding Kansas** || <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">1854-1860 || This was a conflict between people who believed in slavery and those who didn’t. This conflict happened in both Kansas and Missouri and it was a very bloody conflict in which the federal government had to intervene. This caused a lot of tension between the two parts of the country and their hatred for each other grew. ||
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 8.8pt;">**Nullification Crisis** || <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">1832 || This crisis was started when South Carolina nullified the tariffs that were placed upon them by Andrew Jackson. The tariffs were nullified because it was declared unconstitutional and unenforceable, so it was nullified. This was a cause of the Civil War because it caused taxes to go up in the south, which led to southern secession. ||
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 8.8pt;">**Dred-Scott v. Sanford** || <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">1857 || This Supreme Court decision stated that African Americans who were here in the country as slaves were not citizens so they were not obligated to have the rights as normal citizens do. This started an uproar in the African American community causing unsettlement between the slaves and their owners. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 11pt;">**Harpers Ferry** || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">1859 || John Brown, who was an abolitionist, decided to start a slave rebellion and he gathered some slaves and raided the armory at Harpers Ferry. It was a bloody conflict between federal troops and Brown’s men. Soon, many southern plantation owners were scared that this would happen to them, so they were scared and sympathized with the southern beliefs . ||

= __**<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 24px;">Key Leaders and Roles **__ =


 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px;">__Union__ **

__** Winfield Scott **__ - appointed as the General-in-Chief during the beginning of the Civil War because of his success during the Mexican War, he developed the "Anaconda Plan" that was ridiculed at first but was later used by the General Grant to defeat the Confederates. After he retired, he was later succeeded by General George McClellan.



__** George McClellan **__ - became General-in-Chief after Winfield Scott's retirement, he led the Union army against the Confederate army during the 1st Battle of Bull Run. After losing the battle, he was taken off from active command, but later became active again after General Pope's loss at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run. He, then, led the army to "victory" in the Battle of Antietam against General Lee.



__** Ulysses S. Grant **__ - he received the title General-in-Chief after his win in the Battle of Vicksburg which effectively cut the Confederate army into two. Leading the Union Army in Northern Virginia, he was able to pin down General Lee in the Battle of Gettysburg and have him surrender in Appomattox Courthouse in April 9, 1865.

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px;">Confederates **__

__** Jefferson Davis**__ - became the President of the Confederate States of America after seceding. He is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate army the whole time during the Civil War.

**__

Robert E. Lee __** - one of the best Generals of the South during the war, he led the Confederate Army in many victories including the 2nd Battles of Bull Run. However, because of the strength in numbers the Union army had and the Confederate army cut in two, he was forced to surrender in Appomattox Courthouse that led to the end of the Civil War.



__** Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson **__ - received his title "Stonewall" after a victory in the 1st Battle of Bull Run, he, too, was one of the best generals the Confederates had during the Civil War. He had led the Confederate army in successful strategies and more victory. However, his success was stopped abruptly when a line of Confederate soldiers mistook him as an enemy and fired at him fatally wounding him which caused his death.

__**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 175%;">Battles of Civil War: **__
 * ** Key Battles ** || ** Description ** ||
 * **The “Anaconda” Plan** || The first military strategy formulated by **Gen. Winfield Scott** to blockade the Southern ports and stop the supplies from reaching its destination. ||
 * **Battle of Fort Sumter**
 * (April, 1861)** || A fort owned by the Union in South Carolina that was attacked by the Confederates because it posed as a threat to the Confederate cause. It sparked the start of the Civil War. ||
 * **1st Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)**
 * (July, 1861)** || The Confederate army under **Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson** defeated the Union army attack under **Gen. Irvin McDowell**. It convinced the Lincoln administration that the war would become a long and costly one. ||
 * **2nd Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)**
 * (August, 1862)** || **“Stonewall” Jackson** attacks the Union army under **Gen. John Pope’s** command. With the help of the Confederate artillery, the Union army was devastated and forced to retreat. **Gen. Robert E. Lee** followed in pursuit. This was a decisive battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign for the Confederates. ||
 * **Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg**
 * (September, 1862)** || **Gen. George McClellan** of the Union confronts **Gen. Lee’s** army of the Confederates in Antietam, Maryland. It contains the bloodiest day in American Military history. Because of the casualties, **Gen. Lee** was forced to withdraw to Shenandoah Valley. Technically, the Union army’s first major win although both sides suffered considerable casualties. It also stopped the Confederates from getting foreign support. ||
 * **Battle of Fredericksburg**
 * (December, 1862)** || **Gen. Ambrose Burnside** of the Union army tried to occupy the area in Falmouth near Fredericksburg but was confronted by **Gen. Lee’s** Confederate army. In the end, the Union army called off the offensive and retreated. ||
 * **Monitor vs. Merrimack**
 * (March, 1862)** || The Monitor of the Union fought against the Merrimack of the Confederates. This is first time in maritime history that two iron clad ships waged war. Both ships were sunk in later battles from heavy fires. ||
 * **Western Campaign/Chattanooga**
 * (August-November, 1863)** || A Union army campaign to take over Tennessee and to stop the communications of the Confederate between the East and the Mississippi River by taking over Chattanooga city. **Gen. William Rosecrans**, in charge of the Union army, tried to accomplish the endeavor but was ultimately stopped by the Confederates under **Gen. Braxton Bragg** at Chickamauga Creek. Union army was routed. ||
 * **Battle of Vicksburg**
 * (June, 1863)** || **Gen. Ulysses Grant’s** Union army entrapped and defeated the Confederate army under **Gen. John Pemberton** at Vicksburg. The Confederacy was effectively split in half. **Gen.** **Grant’s** success led him to get appointed as the General-in-Chief of the Union army. ||
 * **Battle of Gettysburg**
 * (July, 1863)** || **Gen. George Meade** commanding the Union army confronts **Gen. Lee’s** Confederate army. The Union won decisively, but both armies suffered considerable casualties. This forced the Confederate army to retreat back to Appomattox Courthouse where **Gen.** **Lee** surrendered to **Gen. Grant** ending the Civil War. ||

To test your skills on the Civil War battles <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">[|click here]

__** African Americans during Civil War **__

**__Black Soldiers in Union Army__** - the first black regiments were made in New Orleans and off the coast of South Carolina after the second Confiscation Act was made in 1862. Only after the Emancipation Proclamation did a large-scale enlisting of black soldiers began. However, they had less pay than white soldiers and faced criticisms from white superiors and peers. By the end of the war, almost one-tenth of the Union Army is composed of black soldiers, but they have a far higher mortality rate than the white troops.

**__Slavery during the War__** - the security on slaves were tightened dramatically by white southerners because of the hysteria of a slave revolt. Meanwhile, the slaves were torn apart loyalty and freedom. When the slaves do get freedom from the Northerners, a small number of receive land, others worked on plantations for labor, and the rest joined the army.

=__ **<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 22px;">Emancipation Proclamation ** __=

A speech given by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863. This is a proclamation that freed the slaves in Southern territories controlled by the Union Army and committed the Union in the abolition of slavery.

Full Document of the [|Emancipation Proclamation.]

= __**<span style="color: #409c02; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 20px;"> Laws Passed During the Civil War **__ =


 * **Ex parte Merryman** - ** 1861 **- Supreme Court case which declared Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus to be illegal, and declared that a military officer also did not have the right to suspend it.
 * **First Confiscation Act** - **1861** - authorized the seizure of all property used in military aid of the Confederate rebellion.
 * **Morrill Land Grant Act** - ** 1862 ** - Gave to the states proceeds of public lands to fund the establishments of universities.
 * **Second Confiscation Act** - ** 1862 ** - Act authorized the seizure of all Confederate property and granted freedom to all seized slaves.
 * **Homestead Act** - **1862** - Granted 160 aces of public land to settlers after five years of residence on the land.
 * **Thirteenth Amendment** - ** 1865 ** - abolished slavery and was ratified by twenty-seven states

= __**Digital Story of the Civil War**__ =

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=__ Presidents During The Civil War __=


 * **Civil War**

March 4, 1861–April 15, 1865 || **President:** Abraham Lincoln
 * In Office:**

Hannibal Hamlin || || **Details....**
 * Vice President:**
 * 16th President of the United States
 * Preserved the Union throughout the Civil War
 * Is accredited with ending slavery
 * Known for his Emancipation Proclamation speech in January of 1863
 * Assassinated in April 1865 by John Wilkes Booth ||

=__** Women **__=

With millions of men gone to war, occupations in the fields and factories were left to the women at home. In farming women were forced to begin operating on farms and plantations by themselves. In cities, women took factory jobs normally held by men. Women also played a key role in the war where they took positions such as military nurses and as volunteers in soldiers' aid societies. When the war was finally over women vacated their industry and government jobs and accepted assistance on farms. Men then reoccupied their previous jobs.

The war had several permanents effects on American women. First, the field of nursing became open to women for the first time. Another effect the war had on society was that it started the movement in which women wanted to obtain equal voting rights.

=__**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px;">Movies that Represent Civil War **__=

Gone with The Wind The following film is based on Margaret Mitchell's romantic novel, Gone with the Wind, that was first published in May of 1936. It is set in the American south during the time of the Civil War and is about the experience of the main character Scarlett O' Hara, a spoiled daughter of a wealthy plantation owner. The film was released in 1939 and is considered an epic American film.

Shenandoah An American Civil War film that was released in 1965. It is famous for its strong antiwar and humanitarian themes that reflected the attitudes of the general audience during the time.

Glory

= __**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 22px;">Music that Represent Civil War **__ =

John Brown's Body media type="file" key="John Brown's Body.mp3" width="240" height="20"

Dixie media type="file" key="Dixie.mp3" width="240" height="20"

=__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;"> TV Shows that Represent Civil War **__=

The Civil War by Ken Burns

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; text-align: center;">**__Reconstruction: 1865-1877__**



__**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 20px;">Political Parties: **__
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Republicans (Radical Republicans)
 * After the war, Republicans pretty much have the support of the nation when it came to politics. With their majority, a new group or kind of Republicans was created during this time called **Radical Republicans** led by politicians such as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. They took advantage of this and controlled most of the political action during the Reconstruction. They were against the oppression of black people and supported the bills that help relieve this oppression like the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. However, some members of the Radical Republicans were corrupted as time progressed.
 * [[image:carpetbagger.jpg width="211" height="270" align="right" caption="Carpetbagger" link="http://i175.photobucket.com/albums/w127/CAITIpix/carpetbagger.jpg"]]** __Carpetbaggers__ ** - Northerner newcomers who went to the South to take up business, reform, or political opportunities. Their name was coined from the inexpensive bags that they carry as they went to the South. They are outsiders who tried to gain political power or economic advantage to places they have no connection on, and have a coalition with the Scalawags and the Freedmen of the South.


 * **__ Scalawags __** - Southern whites joining the Republican party after the Civil War. They were required to take the "Iron Clad" oath in order to gain any political power as required by one of the Reconstruction Laws. They formed a coalition with the Carpetbaggers and the Freedmen.


 * __** Liberal Republicans **__ - as a response to the corruption government officials in office, the Liberal Republicans formed their own party in 1872 and tried to stop this corruption. Their principle was that the "best man" should be nominated in office. They supported a civil service reform and an end to the Reconstruction program of the Radical Republicans.


 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Democrats (The Redeemers)
 * Democrats lost major support after the Civil War. Congress and local government were both dominated by Republicans at this time. However, as the corruption became more apparent in the Republican Party, the Democrats started to regain their footing in American politics.[[image:The_Redeemers.jpg width="175" height="216" align="right" caption="The Redeemers by Thomas Nast" link="http://sherrychandler.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/The_Color_Line_Is_Broken.jpg"]]
 * __ **The Redeemers** __ - a political coalition in the Democratic Party who sought to overthrow the Radical Republican coalition of Freedmen, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags. They were the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party. Many Scalawags switched to this conservative-Democratic coalition from the Republican Party.

=__**<span style="color: #8800ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">Laws Passed During Reconstruction **__=


 * **Ex Parte Milligan** - ** 1866 ** - Supreme Court case which declared the suspension of habeas corpus when civilian courts are still operating to be unconstitutional.
 * **Civil Rights Act** - ** 1866 ** - guaranteed citizenship to all Americans regardless of race (except Native Americans) and gave former slaves the right to own property, sue, testify in court, and sign legal contracts.
 * **Second Freedmen Bureau Act** - ** 1866 ** - provided rights to ex-slaves, including the distribution of land, schools, and military courts.
 * **Fourteenth Amendment** - ** 1866 ** - Declared all persons born or naturalized in the United States to be citizens of their states and of the nation. It prohibited states from denying citizens equal protection and rights.
 * **Black Codes** - ** 1866 ** - Passed by white supremacist congressmen. Denied blacks the right to make contracts, testify against whites, marry white women, be unemployed, and linger in public places.
 * **Reconstruction Act** - ** 1867 ** - divided secessionist states into five military districts, each governed by a Union general with troops to keep the peace and protect former slaves.
 * **Tenure of Office Act** - ** 1867 ** - The bill sought to protect prominent Republicans in the Johnson administration by forbidding their removal without congressional consent.
 * **Fifteenth Amendment** - ** 1870 ** - Guaranteed the right to vote to any citizen regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
 * **Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts** - **1871** - authorized the president to use federal troops and emergency measures to overthrow the Klan.

__<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px;">**The Corruption in Government** __

//__**Jay Gould and Jim Fisk**__// - stock manipulators who tried to corner the gold market during the late 1860s. When the price of gold decreased, they began buying the available gold from brokers and, with the help of President Grant, were able to raise the price of gold after buying them. They were stopped after the government ordered the sale of $4,000,000 worth of gold and collapsed the price of gold. However, this also collapsed the legitimate brokers who were selling gold.

//__** Credit Mobilier **__// - a construction company created to take profits off the Union Pacific Railroad during the early 1870s. One of the members of this scandal was President Grant's vice president, Schuyler Colfax.

__//** Tammany Hall **//__- a Democratic political machine that ruled New York City led by William M. Tweed that took money from the city treasury and collected approximately $200 million dollars by 1872. Tweed and his associates embodied the large-scale corruption that is happening in America.

**__<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">The African Americans of Reconstruction __**

__**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Freedmen **__ - slaves that were free after the Civil War and were now living as a citizen. However, they had been oppressed by laws that limit their rights and would receive the lowest paying jobs. This caused them to lead difficult lives and fall in inescapable jobs like sharecropping and crop-liens. == ==

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">__**//The Exodus Movement//**__ - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">a massive movement of about 15,000 freedmen from the South to the North and the Midwest during the 1879 in response to the oppressive laws of the Democrats of the South and the economic opportunities that the North offered.


 * **Reconstruction**

April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869 || **President:** Andrew Johnson
 * In Office:**

NONE || || **Details....** > and presided over the United States for four years during the Reconstruction Era
 * Vice President:**
 * 17th President of the United States
 * Johnson became President after the assassination of Lincoln
 * Known for favoring the White South and was therefore constantly attacked by Republicans
 * Was the first U.S. President to be impeached
 * Ranked to be one of the worst U.S. Presidents ||
 * **Reconstruction**

March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 || **President:** Ulysses S. Grant.
 * In Office:**

Schuyler Coflax Henry Wilson || || **Details....**
 * Vice Presidents:**
 * 18th President of the United States
 * A military commander during the Civil War and post-Reconstruction era
 * Under his command the Union Army defeated the Confederacy and ended the Confederate States of America; General Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in April of 1865
 * Supported amnesty for Confederated and signed the Amnesty Act of 1872
 * Suppressed violent acts of the KKK and made much progress in Civil Rights
 * It was under him that the 15th Amendment was passed, giving blacks the right to vote. ||

=<span style="color: #db2929; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">__Plans__ = have to... At least ten percent of the voters in the state had to take such an oath in order for the state to be readmitted. || It required 50 percent of the voters of each state to take the oath and it also only permitted non-Confederates to vote. Lincoln did not sign the bill and so it was vetoed. || The President however, still had the power to grant pardons to disloyal Southerners. Because of this Confederate leaders found themselves back in office by1865. ||
 * Plan || Date ||  ||
 * Ten Percent Plan || December 1863 || President Abraham Lincoln gave the Southern States the opportunity to rejoin the union. They would first
 * Take oath of allegiance to US Constitution and Union
 * Accept the emancipation of slaves
 * Wade Davis Bill || 1864 || This bill was in contrast to Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Republicans felt that they should demand more from states that had seceded.
 * Johnson's Reconstruction Policy || May 1865 || Johnson's reconstruction plan was in fact not that different from Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Including Lincoln's previously stated terms it also required the disenfranchisement of former Confederacy leaders and officeholders and Confederacy members with more than $20,000 in property that was taxable.

__Groups__
__Ku Klux Klan:__ This particular group had a deep belief in "White Supremacy". Particularly in the South, groups of Southerners would organize into various secret societies with the purpose of intimidating blacks and white reformers. The Ku Klux Klan specifically, was founded by Nathaniel Forrest an ex-Confederate general in 1867. They would commit acts of violence such as burning buildings owned by blacks or even flogging and murdering blacks to keep them from voting. Congress passed the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 to protect blacks from such groups. It gave federal authorities the power to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South and stop the Ku Klux Klan.

__Freedmen's Bureau:__ Created in March of 1865 by Congress. Similar to a welfare agency the Bureau would provide food, shelter, and medical aid to people such as blacks (primarily slaves that were free) and homeless whites. The Bureau however, had its greatest success when it came to education. Under General Oliver O. Howard, it helped establish about 3,000 schools for freed blacks, this includes a few black colleges. Federal funding unfortunately stopped in 1870.

__** Economic and Social Change **__

 * During this time period, the original southern heiarchy was dissolved and people begun to experience freedom and equality in the south. Soon the rise of many things became prevelant including:
 * __Public Schools__
 * Public schools soon became prevelant and the government made sure that all kids would have the same level of education which was not based on the social class of the family. Although these schools were segregated, it was a major step into improving the life of many during this era including the newly freed slaves who never before have been formally educated. This new education system in the south allows more people to become prevelant in society regardless of their social standing.
 * __African-American Office Holders__
 * After the war, many newly freed African-Americans began to get formal education and put themselves in local government postitions. This African-American leadership in the local government helped African-Americans be represented and they had a voice in the decisions that were made. This allowed African-Americans to be prominant members of society and they started to gain status and respect among the community.
 * __End of Southern Heiarchy__
 * At the end of the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction, the social system in the south was soon dissolved and many people soon became equal and had an equal say in society. This southern heiarchy was prevelant before the Civil War and it prevented people from getting into high paying jobs and important roles in society. The ending of this helped the south regain its strength and it allowed more people to be influential in society.
 * __Suffrage__
 * Suffrage during the war was very prominant and soon after the war, many initiatives to let women and blacks vote were present. These initiatives were soon made into law and it allowed all people to vote and have their voice heard in the democratic govermnemt we have set up. The laws though were soon struck down by the Jim Crow laws which required a literacy test in order to allow blacks to vote. This was difficult because many blacks didn't know how to read or write still which made it difficult for them to vote. These laws were still present until the 20th century until they were voted unconstitutional by the Supreme Court during the 1950's.

__ **African Americans During Reconstruction** __

 * African Americans became sharecroppers in which they rent the land from a person and then grow their own food to feed their family and to grow food for profit. They made very little profit and were still discriminated against economically and had very little success in gaining a higher status.

__ **End of Reconstruction** __

 * __Panic of 1873__
 * This was when there was financial failures in Vienna and soon it spread to the United States. This was an issue because the unemployment rate in the United States rose to about 14% and it soon led to railroad strikes and many other financial failures. As a result of this, many railroad companies went bankrupt and many people lost their jobs which did not help the reconstruction process.


 * __Compromise of 1877__
 * This was a compromise which stated that all troops must be removed from the south. This officially ended reconstruction and it helped the south prosper by itself. Congress although was still passing legislation which helped industrialize the south until 1930.

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**__Bibliography__**

"Battle Summary: Antietam, MD." __U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America__. CWSAC Battle Summaries. 16 May 2010 <http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/md003.htm>. "Battle Summary: Fredericksburg I, VA." __U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America__. CWSAC Battle Summaries. 16 May 2010 <http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va028.htm>. "Battle Summary: Manassas, First, VA." __U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America__. CWSAC Battle Summaries. 16 May 2010 <http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va005.htm>. "Battle Summary: Manassas, Second, VA." __U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America__. CWSAC Battle Summaries. 16 May 2010 <http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va026.htm>. "Battle Summary: Vicksburg, MS." __U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America__. CWSAC Battle Summaries. 16 May 2010 <http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/ms011.htm>. "Black Friday." __American History and World History at Historycentral.com the largest and most complete history site on the web__. History Central. 22 May 2010 <http://www.historycentral.com/rec/BlackFriday.html>. Boyer, Paul S. __The enduring vision: a history of the American people__. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Faust, Patricia L., and Norman C. Delaney. __Historical times illustrated encyclopedia of the Civil War__. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. Franklin, John Hope. __Reconstruction after the Civil War__. Chicago u.a.: Univ. of Chicago P, 1994. 100-03. Lagassé, Paul. __The Columbia encyclopedia__. New York: Columbia UP, 2000. Lincoln, Abraham. "Featured Document: The Emancipation Proclamation." __National Archives and Records Administration__. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. 21 May 2010 <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html>. Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. __United States history: preparing for the advanced placement examination__. New York, N.Y.: Amsco School Publications, 2006.