Imperialism+&+WWI

World War I
(ORGANIZED BY NING, CHRONOLOGICAL) ENTRY - YEARS - INFO

Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson
 * Presidents**

Trench Warfare - A form of fighting using extensively in WWI, it involved largely stagnant fighting between two bodies, different from old styles of head to head fighting. Opposing parties were in trenches separated by large open stretches filled with barbed wire, shell casings, and other things, called No Man's Land. Soldiers shot at each other from opposing trenches, and many deaths were actually caused by diseases, such as Trench Foot, or other infections. Any heavy attack against an opponent suffered huge casualties even if successful, because soldiers had to cross No Man's Land, where they were like walking targets. This style of fighting was used before WWI, but that is when it came to prominence.
 * War stuff**

Militarism - Refers to the United States’ ideology of the dominance of military in achieving imperialistic/expansionist goals. It played a strong role in advancing national goals and promoted achievement. In a sense, it was an offspring of world competition and the want to become more powerful.

Spanish-American War - The Cubans were undergoing a battle for their land with the Spanish, who had been in control of them well into the late 19th century. American intervention was sparked by anti-Spanish rebellion in 1895. The United States, especially Theodore Roosevelt (who was particularly inspired by Alfred Thayer Mahan’s //The Influence of Sea Power Upon History//), had its eye on Cuba for quite some time. The United States had invested in Cuban Sugar and was opposed to Spanish misrule of overseas land. The rise of **Yellow Journalism** and **jingoism**, an intense form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy, shed light on the Cuban crisis and played a pivotal role in the American cause. Authors such as **Joseph Pulitzer** and **William Randolph Hearst** made public the atrocities that the Cubans were enduring and inspired American action in the Spanish-ruled area. The sinking of the U.S.S Maine in Havana harbor was blamed on Spain, and was a catalyst for American involvement in Cuba. On April 19th, 1898, Senator Henry Teller of Colorado proposed an amendment to Congress to allow American involvement in Cuba until Cuban independence was certain. This became known as the **Teller Amendment**. It was signed by President **William McKinley** on April 20th, 1898. This allowed him to use any military force necessary to ensure that Cuba would be rid of Spanish control. Congress declared war on Spain on April 21st, 1898, and Spain declared war on April 23rd. The war itself did not last very long. It only had a few land battles, two of which were the storming of El Caney Hill and San Juan Hill, which was led by Rough Rider leader **Theodore Roosevelt**. The U.S relied heavily on naval power throughout the war, and the first action came when George Dewey led his naval fleet into Manila Bay and captured it, killing 381 Spanish people. In addition to this incident, the American navy blockaded the Spanish in near Cuba’s Southeastern border. The Spanish surrendered soon after, and the war was over. The war was so quick that it was even called “a splendid little war” by **John Hay** in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt. A Peace treaty was signed in Paris on July 17th of 1898. The U.S agreed to pay Spain 20 million dollars to recognize Cuba as an independent country, and to receive the territories of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam. Cuba was under the control of General Leonard Wood of the United States for a short period of time (roughly 1898-1902), until the **Platt Amendment** authorized American withdrawal and assured that Cuba would not harm its independence by limiting trade with America or making deals with other foreign powers.

Annexation of Hawaii - Hawaii was known for its diverse group of people and abundance of sugar and other products around the late 19th century. White businessmen wanted to keep control of the production of sugar and other commodities that were beneficial to the U.S economy. A tariff was imposed on importing sugar from Hawaii to protect from overseas competition. This was opposed by the white businessmen, who aimed to overthrow the monarchy of **Queen** Liliuokalani in order to establish their own rules. They wanted to incorporate Hawaii as part of the United States to make more money off of the abundance of sugar in Hawaii. Queen Liliuokalani stepped down as monarch of Hawaii to avoid violence and was replaced by Sanford Dole. The annexation of Hawaii was denied by President Grover Cleveland, but was later made official by him as the United States began to acquire more land. William McKinley, Cleveland’s successor, supported this annexation and helped to launch the United States as a strong power.
 * Imperialism**

Annexation of the Philippines - The Philippines was in the midst of an independent movement from Spain in the late 1890’s when the Spanish-American War broke out. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino people were able to overthrow the Spanish and establish a constitution and independence. However, when the Philippines were ceded to the United States after the war, it lost its independence and found itself in an independence movement against the United States. Fighting erupted between American and Filipino soldiers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, fighting ceased when the U.S became aware of its own hypocrisy. It fought to end the mistreatment of Cubans, yet started a similar conflict with the Philippines. Finally in 1902, Congress issued the Philippine Government Act that called for an elected governor chosen by the President, a Philippine government assembly, and future independence.

Platt Amendment - An attachment to a Senate bill passed in 1901, it dictated that the US would withdraw troops from Cuba, and would improve relations with the Caribbean nation. It gave the US control of Guantanamo Bay, which it later used as a Naval Base.
 * Key political events/debates**

Triple Entente - The name for the Allied powers going into World War I, it included Russia, Britain, and France, as well as other nations. Other nations allied with some of these countries, such as The United states, Spain, Japan, and Portugal created a series of intertwining alliances that would combat the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria.

Fourteen Points - Woodrow Wilson, in a speech to Congress in 1918, addressed what he wished to accomplish with the American involvement during the First World War. He wanted to establish his aims for the United States during, and after the War. He brought up fourteen topics, all corresponding to either postwar settlement issues, colonial issues, or his own postwar ideas.

War Guilt Clause - June, 1919. A portion of the Versailles Treaty which read "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany her Allies for causing all the loss an damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." In summation, the treaty blamed Germany as the aggressor of the war and that it would be the beast of burden for most damage caused during the war.

Central Powers - comprised of Triple Alliance
 * Austrian-Hungrarian Empire
 * German Empire
 * Ottoman Empire
 * Kingdom of Bulgaria
 * Italy
 * Germany
 * Austria-Hungary

Open Door Policy - A policy the US took in regards to China. When the US was worried that their trade opportunities in China were threatened, the US asked other world countries to declare that they would allow China its freedom to regulate ports. The Open Door Policy advocated trading rights in China for all European nations as well as the United States, so that China could not be partitioned by European nations and Japan.
 * Key economic events/debates**

Panama Canal - A canal built through the Central American country of Panama, connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Gulf of Mexico, and allowing for easier routes for trading ships to travel when going to a variety of destinations. When the US Senate could not get a treaty passed with both themselves and Colombia, who owned Panama at the time, they advocated Panama starting a war of independence. When Panama gained their independence, they were instantly recognized by the United States, and they granted the right to construct a canal.

Global Economy - The dependence of countries with one another to produce/trade goods and commodities. A global economy is an economy where countries can coexist with each other and include each other in their business and profit. Essentially, this is like combining the economies of several countries into one, creating a massive interdependent system that is beneficial to everyone involved. It is a combination of separate country economies into a single party.

Dollar Diplomacy - loans given to South America and Asia. It gave the American government more worldwide power. Originally coined by William Taft. If any country were economically unstable and susceptible to European intervention, the US would intervene and govern.

Isolationism - (1913 - 1917) During the beginning of the war, the United States practiced strong isolationism. Historians often attribute this partly due to the geographical location of the United States; it was far from the conflicts of Europe and Asia. The citizens of the United States yelled "keep us out of the war." The economy of America was booming and no one would have liked a war to halt its progress. However, many were also split. Some of the citizens were of German descent while others were British. Germans were the main aggressors during the war. During the war, Germans and the British were at a stalemate for a long time, so the Germans figured that if they starve the British of supplies, they would win. The Germans began to practice unrestricted submarine warfare in attempts to keep supplies from other nations going to Britain. By doing this, the Germans sank the //Lusitania// and the //Sussex,// both of which were simply passenger ships. Since the sinking of the Lusitania, President Woodrow Wilson felt unprepared for war. The National Security League (NSL) was formed to promote preparedness and to extend direct US aid to the Allies. At the time, William Jennings Bryan was Secretary of State. While much of the administration favored their British ties, Bryan held the strong belief that the US remain absolutely neutral. The lack of cooperation from the Germans and the growing sympathy for the Allies further strengthened Wilson's idea of preparedness. Further favoritism of the Allies, mainly in the form of supply munitions, led to William J. Bryan's resignation from Secretary of State. Being more and more cognizant of the growing demand for military preparedness, Wilson went on a tour in 1916 in which he stated the necessity of the military training of citizens. Along with that statement, he called for "the greatest navy in the world. In June of 1916, Wilson passed the National Defense Act. The act increased the size of the regular army to 175,000 men and called for the construction of fifty warships, all of which were built in only one year. Preparedness was often opposed by key groups and figures such as Populists, Progressives, Socialists, William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams and Jeannette.

Lusitania - A passenger ship during World War I, it was torpedoed by German U boats, and was one of many precipitating factors for the United States' entry into WWI. While public opinion in the US had not been definitely on either side before the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, people were decidedly anti-German after the event. The boat sank on May 7, 1918, near Ireland, killing more than 50% of the nearly 2000 people onboard.
 * Key social events/issues/reforms**

Missionary Diplomacy - Refers to Woodrow Wilson’s belief in the ethical and moral responsibilities of the United States with Latin American countries. He strictly believed that it was our nation’s duty to protect the wellbeing of these countries, particularly in Mexico and Central America. He wanted to promote democracy to ensure that no other foreign powers would influence these regions and cause conflict. It was a practice that allowed the United States to deny any government in Latin America that was viewed as a threat to America.

Zimmerman Telegram - A very important telegram sent from Germany to Mexico, asking for them to wage war against the United States during the First World War. It was sent by Arthur Zimmermann to the German Ambassador in the form of a coded telegram. It was not carried through by Mexico and became a public source of hate towards Mexico as well as Germany. Although it did not prompt Mexican involvement in World War One, it was massive scare to the American public

War Bonds - 1913-1919. During times of war, the government would ask the citizens to borrow money to facilitate the ongoing war. Once the war was over, the money would be returned to the citizens plus interest paid by the government.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand - The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, his assassination led to the beginning of World War I. Because of a series of intertwined alliances, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, leading to two factions: The Triple Entente (Serbia, Germany, etc.) and Serbia and its allies.
 * Key foreign policy events/issues/doctrines**

League of Nations - Created from the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, it was the first attempt at a multinational alliance between members of countries across the world. It was heavily argued for by Woodrow Wilson, the current U.S. President, and he was instrumental in its creation. However, it was never joined by the United States because Congress refused the terms of admittance. This, combined with many other reasons, led to the League of Nations becoming obsolete. It is similar to the current-day United Nations.

Neutrality - A policy taken by the United States in the beginning of World War I, trying to stay out of the foray. The US wanted nothing to do with a conflict occurring in Europe, that originally had little impact (this changed over time) on the US. Public opinion in the US originally wanted no part in the war, but this changed over time with various events (sinking of the Lusitania, etc.). The US slowly gave up its neutrality as it economically favored some countries, like Britain, and eventually the US entered the war in actuality.

Big Stick Policy - the name of the policy originated from the phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." It referred to the Roosevelt Corollary, which stated to negotiate with the Caribbean and South American countries peacefully ("Speak softly") and enforce with the military ("big stick"). This was used in several instances such as the construction of the Panama canal and the Teller Amendment.

Treaty of Versailles - The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the Palace of Versailles in 1919. The treaty followed the end of World War I and called for German disarmament, war reparations and established the League of Nations. media type="youtube" key="yj_eiyBsSSc" height="385" width="480"

Great Migration - Mass population movements of Black Men and Women from Southern cities to Northern cities during the 1910’s to 1940’s. These Black Americans sought new jobs in Northern cities and were in search o freedom from racial prejudice. In addition, they were eager to be educated and start families. The Industrial Revolution inspired this movement and opened up to economic opportunities for people everywhere.
 * Major immigration & migration movements**

Great Migration - Mass population movements of Black Men and Women from Southern cities to Northern cities during the 1910’s to 1940’s. These Black Americans sought new jobs in Northern cities and were in search o freedom from racial prejudice. In addition, they were eager to be educated and start families. The Industrial Revolution inspired this movement and opened up to economic opportunities for people everywhere.
 * Milestones for key minority groups (Women, African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans)**

Yellow Journalism - A type of journalism/press that relied on content and controversy rather than truth/fact. It is a category of writing that doesn’t necessarily rely on factual evidence, but rather appealing or interesting topics. It was often sensational, controversial, and usually over-hyped material that was published to bring attention to certain topics, such as the Spanish situation in Cuba. It exposed various domestic issues as well as foreign issues. Key Yellow Journalists included Pulitzer and Hearst.
 * Key works/movements of art, literature, music, film, TV**

Archduke Franz Ferdinand - The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, his assassination led to the beginning of World War I. Because of a series of intertwined alliances, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, leading to two factions: The Triple Entente (Serbia, Germany, etc.) and Serbia and its allies.
 * Key individuals of the period**

John Hay - 1885. John Hay was McKinley's Secretary of State. He pioneered the Open Door Policy in China. The Chinese Empire was weakened by political corruption and failure to modernize. In 1890, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France and Germany all had spheres of influence in China, meaning they could all dominate trade and investment. In the Open Door Policy, all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. No nation was rejected from the concept. John Hay's initiative in creating this policy was hailed as a diplomatic triumph.

Queen Liliuokalani - 1833 - 1917. Liliuokalani was the last monarch of the Hawaiian Islands. She gained her position when her brother, King Kalakauam Liliuokalani, died. Upon her rise to power in 1893, she quickly drew up a constitution to empower herself and limit the power of the Hawaiian people. During about the same time, the US had a growing interest in the massive sugar crop in Hawaii. A group led by Sanford B. Dole sought to overthrow the monarch. On July 4th, 1894, the group was successful and Hawaii became known as the Republic of Hawaii. Annexationists quickly rallied for the Congress to add Hawaii and Congress recognized its importance. In 1895, Queen Liliuokalani was arrested after weapons were found in her Washington home. The year after, she was released and continued living at her home until she died of a stroke. During the 1896 presidency of McKinley, the annexation of Hawaii was often spoken of.

William Randolph Hearst - 1863 - 1951. Born in San Francisco, California, William Randolph Hearst was the only child of George Hearst. At the young age of 23, he owned the //San Francisco Examiner//, a popular newspaper at the time. His newspaper quickly grew a great reputation by hiring the best journalists in the area. However, today, Hearst is synonymous to "yellow journalism," the exaggeration of the truth to gain more of a fan-base.

-A'int we got fun (song from great gatsby) -The Yanks with the Tanks -Over There -When the Lustiania went down -Skin-adin-erinky-dink (I Love You) -Foxy Grandpa -A Bird in a Gilded Cage
 * __Music From/About This Time Period__**


 * __TV From/About This Time Period__**
 * My Boy Jack** - "tells the story of Rudyard Kipling's son, who volunteered to fight for "king and country" in France.[21] The made-for-television drama was broadcast in the United Kingdom in 2007 and in the United States in 2008.[22] Jack Kipling was killed in action in September 1915 after being in France for only three weeks; but he remained on the list of soldiers "missing believed wounded" for two years. The Kiplings were devastated -- not only by their loss, but also by the fact that their son's body could not be found. In 1916, Kipling's Sea Warfare was published, and the book contained a poem about his son Jack" - //Wikipedia//

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