Jacksonian+America



In general, The Jacksonian Era was concerned with the extension of the franchise, westward expansion, and the rise of sectional interests, prompted by increased participation in state and national politics. Associated with a change in character of American Politics to "the age of the common man", and characterized by-
 * __Jacksonian Era- 1824-1844__**
 * Heightened emphasis on equality in the political process for adult white males
 * The rise of interest group politics, seen in the rise of sectional issues
 * A changing style of campaigning, focusing on popular acceptance and representation of their party, and firm connections with standards of belief.
 * Increased Voter Participation, adding to the "age of the common man".

Important Individuals

Trail of Tears, Indian Removal Act, removing Indians to Oklahoma. Jackson was president for two terms, from 1829 until 1837. He was known for his swift action and authoritative decisions . ||  || As a congressman, senator, and secretary of state, Henry Clay made his mark on the Jacksonian era through advanced politics, and made a big deal of denying many of Andrew Jackson's efforts. One of his main disagreements was over the Central Bank. Missouri's application for statehood in 1819 raised the issue of slavery and shocked the nation "like a fireball in the night," as the aged Thomas Jefferson said. Clay had advocated gradual emancipation in Kentucky in 1798, asserting that slavery was known to be an enormous evil. || || Calhoun served as War Secretary from 1817 to 1825. Calhoun served as vice-president during the administration of John Quincy Adams and then was re-elected as vice-president during the first term of Andrew Jackson. Calhoun resigned as vice-president on December 12, 1832, with less than three months left on his term. The South Carolina legislature elected him to the U.S. Senate, where Calhoun felt he could better represent his state's interests. || || Clark (1770-1838) || Lewis: Clark: The Lewis and Clark Expedition took some 7,690 miles. It took 28 months for the whole expedition. The journey opend up a new frontier for fur trade with the indians but also a route to the west. Lewis later became the governor of Louisiana Territory. He then died in 1809. Clark was the governor of Misouri Territory and served as Superintendent of INdian Affairs. He lived a much longer life then Clark, Dieing in 1838 || || Strong Advocate of Transcontinental Railroad Douglas believed that popular sovereignty would unite the northern and southern wings of the Democratic party and at the same time settle the slavery issue peacefully. || ||
 * ** People ** || ** Years Around ** || ** Short Bio ** || ** What they Did ** || ** Small picture ** ||
 * **Andrew Jackson** || 1767-1845 || * Born in Waxhaws, between North and South Carolina
 * Joined Continental Army as a courier.
 * Older Brother died in the Battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina in 1779
 * Andrew and younger brother were prisoners of the British, during war.
 * Orphaned at 14
 * Emerged a Hero after the war of 1812
 * 1798, elected at US Senator || Became President of United States in 1824. Against John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford.
 * **Eli Whitney** || 1765-1825 || [|Eli's Life] ||  || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Eli_Whitney_gravure.jpg width="172" height="192"]] ||
 * **Elizabeth Cady Stanton** || 1815-1902 || * Born in Johnstown, NY.
 * Daughter of a lawyer
 * Excelled in 'male' spheres
 * Married Henry Stanton
 * Concentrated on Abolishing Slavery || Took a leading role during the Seneca Falls Convention. Advocate for woman's Rights. During the Civil War Elizabeth Cady Stanton concentrated her efforts on abolishing slavery, but afterwards she became even more outspoken in promoting women suffrage. In 1868, she worked with Susan B. Anthony on the Revolution, a militant weekly paper. The two then formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in 1869. Stanton was the NWSA’s first president—a position she held until 1890. At that time the organization merged with another suffrage group to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Stanton served as the president of the new organization for two years. As a part of her work on behalf of women’s rights, Elizabeth Cady Stanton often traveled to give lectures and speeches. She called for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women the right to vote. || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/ElizabethCadyStanton-Veeder.LOC.jpg width="170" height="245"]] ||
 * **Henry Clay** || 1777-1852 || * Born in hanover County, VA
 * Studied Law
 * Served in Kentucky State Legislature
 * Was a War Hawk
 * Peace commissioner in Ghent for negotiations for ending of the War of 1812 || Orator, and Statesmen for Kentucky. Dubbed as "The Great Compriser"
 * **John Brown** || 1800-1859 || * Born in Torrington, CN
 * Hated Slavery
 * herded cattle for Gen. William Hull's Army, during war of 1812
 * Had a total of 18 kids || Brown built and sold several tanneries, speculated in land sales, raised sheep, and established a brokerage for wool growers. Every venture failed, for he was too much a visionary, not enough a businessman. As his financial burdens multiplied, his thinking became increasingly metaphysical and he began to brood over the plight of the weak and oppressed. He frequently sought the company of blacks, for 2 years living in a freedmen's community in North Elba, N.Y. In time he became a militant abolitionist, a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad, and the organizer of a self-protection league for free blacks and fugitive slaves. || [[image:http://www.britannica.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/john-brown.jpg width="154" height="180"]] ||
 * **John C. Calhoun** || 1782-1850 || * Born in Calhoun Mills, Abbeville District
 * Representative and a Senator from SC.
 * Vice President of USA
 * Went to Yale
 * Studied Law || Calhouns served three terms in the House of Representatives, from 1811 to 1817. He left the House to join President James Monroe's cabinet.
 * **Lewis and Clark** || Lewis (1774-1809)
 * Born in Locust hill, VA
 * Family were Decorated Soldiers
 * Taught by Parsons William Douglas and Matthew Maury (tutors of future presidents)
 * Born in a VA Plantation
 * Joined Militia to fight Nativ Americans in Ohio Valley.
 * Clark Studied Astronomy, and Cartography
 * Appointed Principal Indian agent || Lewis and Clark, brothers and explorers, were crucial parts in expanding U.S. intrestest in what was the wild wild west. Lewis and Clark explored the west and documented their discoveries, leading to followers, procuring the oregon trail and other exploration journeys that changed the destiny of America.
 * **Nat Turner** || 1800-1831 || * Born into slavery of Benjamin Turner
 * Leader of slave insurrection || Nat Turner 1800-1831, American slave, leader of the Southampton Insurrection (1831), b. Southampton co., Va. Deeply religious from childhood, Turner was a natural preacher and possessed some influence among local slaves. Apparently believing himself divinely appointed to lead fellow slaves to freedom, he plotted a revolt with a band of approximately 60 followers. After killing the family of Turner's owner, the band ravaged the neighborhood, in two days killing a total of 55 white people, mostly women and children. The revolt was soon crushed, however, and 13 slaves and three free blacks were hanged immediately. Turner himself escaped to the woods, but was captured six weeks later and hanged. Dozens more blacks were also killed in retaliation. This revolt now known as one of the bloodiest, leaving a mark on American History. || [[image:http://www.nndb.com/people/937/000110607/nat-turner-1-sized.jpg width="160" height="209"]] ||
 * **Stephen Douglas** || 1813-1861 || * Born in Brandon, VT
 * Became Attorney-General
 * Introduced [|Kansas-Nebraska Act] || Senator, Presidental Candidate, known for his Lincoln Douglass Debates
 * **Susan B. Anthony** || 1820-1906 || * Born in New York as a quaker
 * Taught at a Quaker Seminary
 * Involved in Abolitionism and Temperance
 * Became partners with Stanton in [|Women's Rights and Suffrage] || After leaving the teaching profession, Susan B Anthony became mainly involved in womens' rights. Susan met a womens'’ rights leader by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in the year 1851. Susan and Elizabeth became very close friends. Susan attended her first womens’ rights convention in the year 1852. She campaigned door to door from that experience until the end of the Civil War, for the two causes of abolishment of slavery and for womens’ rights.

Susan B. Anthony spent the rest of her life working for the Federal Suffrage Amendment. This took her to not only Congress but also to political conventions, labor meetings, and lyceums in every section of the country. || || By 1830 Garrison had rejected the programs of the American Colonization Society. By this time he had worked as co-editor of an antislavery paper started by Benjamin Lundy in Maryland, //The Genius of Universal Emancipation//. And on January 1, 1831, he published the first issue of his own anti-slavery newspaper, the //Liberator//. In speaking engagements and through the //Liberator// and other publications, Garrison advocated the immediate emancipation of all slaves. This was an unpopular view during the 1830s, even with northerners who were against slavery. || ||
 * **Thomas Jefferson** || 1743-1826 || * [|Jefferson's Life] || As a huge provider to American History in general, Thomas Jefferson directed Andrew Jackson in the Bank situation, a strong advocate for an agricultural Rebpublic under Jackson's presidency. || [[image:http://thepilver.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg width="160" height="150"]] ||
 * **William Lloyd Garrison** || 1805-1879 || [|Williams Life] || When he was 25, Garrison joined the Abolition movement. He became associated with the American Colonization Society, an organization that believed free blacks should emigrate to a territory on the west coast of Africa.

Mar. 4, 1833 - Andrew Jackson is sworn in as President for a 2nd term. Mar. 4, 1833 - Martin van Buren is sworn in as the 8th Vice President of the United States. Jun. 30, 1834 - The Indian Territory is established in what is now Oklahoma. Apr 20. 1836 - The Wisconsin Territory is organized. Jun. 15, 1836 - Arkansas is the 25th state admitted to the Union.
 * Developments**

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**Events Progression**
-Remember that northern part of Louisiana Territory described as "Great American Desert" by Lewis and Clark
 * 1816 || **War Hawks Economic Plan**
 * // Second Bank of the United States //
 * The First Bank charter expired in 1811 with the economy falling into a muddle and state banking exploding without regulation and much fraud. Madison and most younger Democratic Republicans voted for the Second Bank of the US (usually abbreviated to 2nd BUS) because the embarrassment that the government couldn't float loans nor transfer funds across the country during the war.
 * Capitalized at $35,000,000,chartered for 20 years. Federal Government owned one fifth of the stock and appointed five of the twenty-five directors of this quasi-governmental institution.
 * // Internal Improvements ////-//Wanted Federal Government to invest in constructing canals and railroads. The Federal Government constructed a National Road to boost the economy.
 * The Protective Terrif-Passed mildly protective tariff in 1816, and increased level of protection in 1824. A protective tariff taxed imported goods in order to protect fledgling American industrialization. Will become extremely important in 1828 ||
 * 1819-1821 || **Panic of 1819**
 * British demand for US cotton decreased (and thus the price of cotton dropped like a rock) because UK started to import cotton from India
 * Banks get caught flat from overextending credit to buy western lands because the drop in cotton prices affected land prices as well. Banks had to call in loans to pay for demand for cash by depositors. Many banks could not collect their loans quickly enough and therefore went bankrupt, leaving depositors without funds to pay the loans they owed. Became a viscious cycle. ||
 * || **Missouri** **Compromise**
 * Slavery Restricted to Louisiana Territory south of 36° 30'
 * Balanced admission of new states into Union to maintain balance of political power between free and slave states in the Senate
 * Missouri entered union as slave state.
 * Maine carved out of northern section of Massachusetts to be the balancing free state.
 * Thomas Jefferson called the compromise, "The death knell of the Union." ||
 * 1828 || **Tariff of Abominations**
 * Andrew Jackson's supporters via a scheme by John C. Calhoun proposed new tariff to raise duties on raw materials so high that all would opose them. Sought to politically join New England manufacturers and merchants to the South, but Northerners actually supported much of the tariff and the bill passed.
 * Calhoun resigned job as Jackson's Vice President and returned to South Carolina to write //South Carolina Exposition and Protest// which set forth an explicit method by which a state could nullify an act of Congress that the state considered unconstitutional. Calhoun immediately elected to US Senate from SC. ||
 * 1832-1833 || **Nullification Crisis**
 * South Carolina tried to bypass the laws of the National Government giving rise to what is known as the nullification crisis.
 * Started A Liberal Vs. Fundamental Battle, and ended it. ||
 * 1837 || ** Trail of Tears **
 * The Federal Government called for a shit of native Americans from reservation to reservation, and ended up including small battles and violence after the president included the military in the matter.
 * Some tribes moved voluntarily, others moved involuntarily. ||
 * 1837-1845 || ** [|**Panic of 1837**] **
 * Depression in England drastically reduced the demand for (and thus the price) of cotton which affects Southern economy. The English depression also reduced British ability to invest in American Improvements.
 * Wheat crop failure prevented balancing payments for foreign goods
 * State plans for internal improvements collapsed
 * Wildcat banks collapsed ||
 * 1845-1848 || **Mexican War**
 * Americans in Mexican province of "Tejas" declared independence in 1836 because Mexico insisted on enforcing its laws outlawing slavery. US avoided annexing Texas throughout 1830s because everyone knew it would cause a war with Mexico
 * James Polk elected President in 1844 on plank requiring "re-annexing" Texas and claiming all of the Oregon Territory up to the southern boundary of Russian America. Polk annexed Texas without a treaty, and he then sent troops into areas of Mexico claimed by Texas. Mexico fired on the invaders and the US declared war on Mexico for shedding American blood on US soil.
 * US sent troops, mainly from the South, to fight Mexicans
 * Wilmot Proviso in 1846 said that US would not extend slavery into territories captured from Mexico where slavery was already abolished, which meant that only Texas would have been available as a future slave state. ||
 * 1849 || **Discovery of Gold in California** increased population so quickly that it could apply for statehood as a free state the next year. ||

Sources: Births ad Deaths: Wikipedia. [] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html about.com [] http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ http://mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu/Tbanks.htm http://www.madehow.com/inventorbios/72/Eli-Whitney.html Enduring Vision Book AMSCO BOOK statelibrary.com bookrags.com biography.com civialwarhome.com bioguide.com images.google pbs.org American-presidents.com